Experience in Diagnosis and Treatment of Oculomotor Nerve Palsy based on Channel Pattern Differentiation / 中医杂志

It is believed that the basic pathogenesis of oculomotor nerve paralysis （ONP） is qi and blood depletion and channel obstruction. Taking channel pattern differentiation as the core， it is recommended to use acupuncture mainly based on location， syndrome and channel deficiency-excess differentiation. Location and channel tropism differentiation mainly follows the principle of “where the channels and collaterals pass， the main treatment can reach”， and commonly uses acupuncture points on Dumai （督脉）， the hand Shaoyang （少阳） Sanjiao （三焦） channel， the hand Taiyang （太阳） small intestine channel， three yang channels of the foot， the hand Shaoyin （少阴） heart channel， the foot Jueyin （厥阴） liver channel， and others， and combines scalp acupuncture with electro-acupuncture to enhance channel stimulation. Pattern and channel tropism differentiation is to differentiate the entered channel according to clinical symptoms and zang-fu patterns. The differentiation of deficiency-excess should be payed attention to， and the principle of “supplementing the deficiency， and draining the excess” should be followed. The supplementing and draining method should be used rationally by considering the differences in the supplementing and draining acupoints themselves， as well as the actual condition of the patients. Simultaneously， it is suggested to combine manipulation and stimulation amount and effect in clinical practice.

Two birds, one stone: a surgical approach for third nerve palsy with aberrant regeneration / Tratamento cirúrgico de paralisia de terceiro nervo craniano com regeneração aberrante

ABSTRACT Aberrant regeneration in third nerve palsies, linking medial rectus contraction to the levator palpebrae muscle, is a great opportunity for surgical planning to address both the ptosis and horizontal deviation in a single procedure. We report a case of severe ptosis associated with exotropia that was successfully corrected with a single horizontal strabismus surgery owing to aberrant regeneration and discuss the basis underlying the surgical planning.

RESUMO A regeneração aberrante nas paralisias do terceiro nervo, ligando a contração do reto medial ao músculo levantador da pálpebra, é uma grande oportunidade para fazer um planejamento cirúrgico para tratar tanto a ptose quanto o desvio horizontal em um procedimento único. Relatamos uma ptose grave associada à exotropia corrigida com sucesso com uma única cirurgia de estrabismo horizontal devido à regeneração aberrante e discutimos as bases do planejamento cirúrgico.

Identificação da velocidade anormal da dilatação de pupila como biomarcador de lesão cerebral em pacientes neurocríticos / Identification of abnormal pupil dilation velocity as a biomarker of cerebral injury in neurocritically ill patients

RESUMO Objetivo: Calcular as velocidades médias da dilatação de pupila para classificar a gravidade da lesão derivada da escala de coma de Glasgow, estratificada por variáveis de confusão. Métodos: Neste estudo, analisaram-se 68.813 exames das pupilas para determinar a velocidade normal de dilatação em 3.595 pacientes com lesão cerebral leve (13 - 15), moderada (9 - 12) ou grave (3 - 8), segundo a escala de coma de Glasgow. As variáveis idade, sexo, raça, tamanho da pupila, tempo de permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva, pressão intracraniana, uso de narcóticos, classificação pela escala de coma de Glasgow e diagnóstico foram consideradas confundidoras e controladas para análise estatística. Empregou-se regressão logística com base em algoritmo de classificação com aprendizado de máquina para identificar os pontos de corte da velocidade de dilatação para as categorias segundo a escala de coma de Glasgow. Resultados: As razões de chance e os intervalos de confiança desses fatores se mostraram estatisticamente significantes em sua influência sobre a velocidade de dilatação. A classificação com base na área sob a curva mostrou que, para o grau leve, na escala de coma de Glasgow, o limite da velocidade de dilatação foi de 1,2mm/s, com taxas de falsa probabilidade de 0,1602 e 0,1902 e áreas sob a curva de 0,8380 e 0,8080, respectivamente, para os olhos esquerdo e direito. Para grau moderado na escala de coma de Glasgow, a velocidade de dilatação foi de 1,1mm/s com taxas de falsa probabilidade de 0,1880 e 0,1940 e áreas sob a curva de 0,8120 e 0,8060, respectivamente, nos olhos esquerdo e direito. Mais ainda, para o grau grave na escala de coma de Glasgow, a velocidade de dilatação foi de 0,9mm/s, com taxas de falsa probabilidade de 0,1980 e 0,2060 e áreas sob a curva de 0,8020 e 0,7940, respectivamente, nos olhos esquerdo e direito. Esses valores foram diferentes dos métodos prévios de descrição subjetiva e das velocidades de dilatação previamente estimadas. Conclusão: Observaram-se velocidades mais lentas de dilatação pupilar em pacientes com escores mais baixos na escala de coma de Glasgow, indicando que diminuição da velocidade pode indicar grau mais grave de lesão neuronal.

ABSTRACT Objective: To calculate mean dilation velocities for Glasgow coma scale-derived injury severity classifications stratified by multiple confounding variables. Methods: In this study, we examined 68,813 pupil readings from 3,595 patients to determine normal dilation velocity with brain injury categorized based upon a Glasgow coma scale as mild (13 - 15), moderate (9 - 12), or severe (3 - 8). The variables age, sex, race, pupil size, intensive care unit length of stay, intracranial pressure, use of narcotics, Glasgow coma scale, and diagnosis were considered as confounding and controlled for in statistical analysis. Machine learning classification algorithm-based logistic regression was employed to identify dilation velocity cutoffs for Glasgow coma scale categories. Results: The odds ratios and confidence intervals of these factors were shown to be statistically significant in their influence on dilation velocity. Classification based on the area under the curve showed that for the mild Glasgow coma scale, the dilation velocity threshold value was 1.2mm/s, with false probability rates of 0.1602 and 0.1902 and areas under the curve of 0.8380 and 0.8080 in the left and right eyes, respectively. For the moderate Glasgow coma scale, the dilation velocity was 1.1mm/s, with false probability rates of 0.1880 and 0.1940 and areas under the curve of 0.8120 and 0.8060 in the left and right eyes, respectively. Furthermore, for the severe Glasgow coma scale, the dilation velocity was 0.9mm/s, with false probability rates of 0.1980 and 0.2060 and areas under the curve of 0.8020 and 0.7940 in the left and right eyes, respectively. These values were different from the previous method of subjective description and from previously estimated normal dilation velocities. Conclusion: Slower dilation velocities were observed in patients with lower Glasgow coma scores, indicating that decreasing velocities may indicate a higher degree of neuronal injury.

Complex strabismus: a case report of hypoplasia of the third cranial nerve with an unusual clinical presentation / Estrabismo complexo: um caso relacionado à hipoplasia do terceiro nervo craniano com apresentação clínica incomum

ABSTRACT Congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders are a group of complex strabismus syndromes that present as congenital and non-progressive ophthalmoplegia. The genetic defects are associated with aberrant axonal targeting onto the motoneurons, development of motoneurons, and axonal targeting onto the extraocular muscles. We describe here the surgical management of a 16-year-old boy who presented with complex strabismus secondary to hypoplasia of the third cranial nerve and aberrant innervation of the upper ipsilateral eyelid.

RESUMO Os distúrbios de inervação craniana congênita en­globam um grupo de síndromes associadas a estrabismos complexos, que se apresentam como oftalmoplegia congênita e não progressiva e são frequentemente herdadas. Os defeitos dos genes estão associados a erros no desenvolvimento ou direcionamento axonal dos motoneurônios, e erros no direcionamento axonal para os músculos extraoculares. Este caso descreve o caso de um menino que apresenta estrabismo complexo secundário à hipoplasia do terceiro nervo craniano e inervação aberrante da pálpebra superior ipsilateral, bem como o resultado após a correção cirúrgica.

Clinical observation on post-stroke oculomotor nerve palsy treated with the interaction of twelve meridian muscle regions and contralateral needling therapy / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the clinical effect on post-stroke oculomotor nerve palsy treated with the interaction of twelve meridian muscle regions and contralateral needling therapy.@*METHODS@#A total of 46 patients with post-stroke oculomotor nerve palsy were randomized into an observation group and a control group, 23 cases in each one. In the control group, the intramusclar injection of mecobalamine at the buttock region was given, 1 mL each time, once every two days, 3 times weekly. Besides, citicoline sodium capsules were prescribed for oral administration, 0.2 g each time, 3 times daily. In the observation group, on the base of the treatment as the control group, the interaction of twelve meridian muscle regions and contralateral needling therapy was supplemented. Acupoints on the health sides included Juliao (ST 3) and Hanyan (GB 4), acupoints on the affected side included Jingming (BL 1), Sibai (ST 2), Yangbai (GB 14), Cuanzhu (BL 2), Shangming (Extra), Sizhukong (TE 23), Tongziliao (GB 1) and bilateral Fengchi (GB 20), Quchi (LI 11), Pianli (LI 6), Waiguan (TE 5), Hegu (LI 4) were selected. The needles were retained for 30 min in each acupuncture treatment, once a day, 5 times weekly. The treatment for 4 weeks was required in the two groups. Before and after treatment, the score of cervical range of motion (CROM), pupil size, eye fissure width and eyeball mobility were observed in the patients of the two groups. The clinical effect was evaluated in the two groups.@*RESULTS@#After treatment, CROM scores and pupil size were reduced in the patients of the two groups (<0.05), and the values in the observation group were lower than the control group (<0.05). The eye fissure width and eyeball mobility were increased in the two groups (<0.05), the eye fissure width and the mobility of the muscles of rectus internus, inferior rectus and inferior oblique in the observation group were larger than the control group (<0.05). The effective rate was 82.6% (19/23) in the observation group, higher than 65.2% (15/23) in the control group (<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The interaction of twelve meridian muscle regions and contrallateral needling therapy effectively relieves diplopia, pupil dilation, narrow eye fissure and limited eyeball mobility in the patients with post-stroke oculomotor nerve palsy.

Etiology, localization of the lesion, and prognosis for patients firstly diagnosed in ophthalmology department with oculomotor nerve palsy / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVES@#Oculomotor nerve palsy is a kind of disease with many causes, showing eye movement disorders, abnormal eyelid position, and/or damage of the pupil. The etiology of oculomotor nerve palsy in different departments is different. The study discussed the etiology, localization of the lesion, and prognosis for oculomotor nerve palsy firstly diagnosed in department of ophthalmology.@*METHODS@#Clinical data of 137 hospitalized patients with oculomotor nerve palsy at the Department of Ophthalmology, the First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital from 2009 to 2018 were retrospectively collected. The etiology and its distribution characteristics in different age groups, the location of the lesion, and the prognosis of patients were analyzed.@*RESULTS@#In 137 patients, the top 3 causes for oculomotor nerve palsy were head trauma (38.69%), cavernous sinus lesions (12.40%), and orbital inflammation (9.49%). Other causes included intracranial aneurysm, the intracranial space-occupying lesion, cerebral vessel diseases, infection, orbital tumors, diabetes, the operation of nasal cavity. Traumatic oculomotor nerve palsy was more common in young adults aged 20-49 years and in the patients with cerebral vascular disease in elderly people aged 60-69 years, while diabetic oculomotor nerve palsy is common in middle-aged and elderly people aged 50-69 years. The age distribution of other etiological types was relatively balanced. Seventy-five cases of orbital apex lesions were due to trauma, inflammation, infection, and tumor; 40 cases of cavernous sinus lesions were due to inflammation, tumor, and thrombosis; 6 cases of subarachnoid lesions were due to aneurysms, tumors, and trauma; 5 cases were oculomotor nucleus lesions were due to infarction; 11 cases could not be allocated because of unknown etiology. After treatment, the corrected visual acuity of oculomotor nerve palsy side was not significantly improved. The patients with oculomotor nerve palsy caused by intracranial aneurysm, cerebrovascular disease, and diabetes mellitus had the highest proportion of partial or complete recovery from ptosis and ocular dyskinesia.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Oculomotor nerve palsy is a common cause of ophthalmoplegia and diplopia. Head trauma, cavernous sinus lesions, and orbital inflammation are the most common causes for oculomotor nerve palsy first diagnosed in ophthalmology department. Traumatic oculomotor nerve palsy is common in adolescents. Oculomotor nerve palsy caused by diabetes and cerebrovascular disease are common in the middle-aged and elderly people. Most of the lesions locate in the orbital apex and cavernous sinus. The prognosis of corrected visual acuity is poor. The prognosis of ptosis and ocular dyskinesia caused by intracranial aneurysm, cerebrovascular disease, and diabetes is good. Figuring out the cause timely and accurately is the basis and key to treat oculomotor nerve palsy.

Treatment of blepharoptosis with pseudo-Graefe phenomenon caused by oculomotor nerve paralysis: report of three cases / 中华医学美学美容杂志

Objective To explore the treatment of unilateral blepharoptosis caused by oculomotor nerve paralysis with pseudo-Graefe phenomenon after craniocerebral trauma or operation.Methods Three patients suffered from blepharoptosis caused by oculomotor nerve paralysis with pseudo-Graefe phenomenon were collected in this study and the modified levator resection technique was applied to correct ptosis.The observation index after operation included the height of upper palpebral margin,the radian of double eyelid,the change of eye movement and the corresponding upper eyelid height,the eye closure function and the incidence of exposure keratitis.Results One case of oculomotor nerve palsy with moderate ptosis achieved an ideal height of upper eyelid after surgery,two cases of oculomotor nerve palsy with severe ptosis were undercorrection.All the three patients had smooth double eyelid radian,no obvious change of eye movement and corresponding upper eyelid height compared with preoperative.The two severe ptoses could close eyes well,but the moderate ptosis patient couldnot close eyes completely.Conclusions The technique of modified levator resection is an effective method to treat the moderate ptosis caused by oculomotor nerve paralysis with pseudo-Graefe phenomenon,but the results are unfavorable in the treatment of severe ptosis.

Pituitary Apoplexy Presenting as Isolated Bilateral Oculomotor Nerve Palsy

PURPOSE: To report a case of pituitary apoplexy presenting as isolated bilateral oculomotor nerve palsy. CASE SUMMARY: A 46-year-old male presented with bilateral ptosis and acute severe headaches for 6 days. He underwent head surgery and bilateral vitrectomy 12 years prior to his visit because of ocular and head trauma. He mentioned that previous visual acuities in both eyes were not good. The initial corrected visual acuity was finger counting in the right eye and 20/500 in the left eye. Ocular motility testing revealed the limitation of adduction, supraduction, and infraduction with complete bilateral ptosis in both eyes, and his left pupil was dilated. He was diagnosed with an isolated bilateral oculomotor nerve palsy. Magnetic resonance imaging indicated pituitary gland hemorrhage with a tumor, which was suspicious of pituitary apoplexy. The patient was treated intravenous with 1.0 g methylprednisolone to prevent the corticotropic deficiency. In addition, he underwent surgical decompression using a navigation-guided transsphenoidal approach and aspiration biopsy. He was confirmed with pituitary adenoma using a pathological examination. The patient's ocular movements began to dramatically improve by the third day postoperatively. At 4 months postoperative follow-up, his ocular movement and double vision were completely recovered. CONCLUSIONS: This was a rare case of pituitary apoplexy with bilateral isolated oculomotor nerve palsy, which was the first report in the Republic of Korea. A full recovery was achieved after early surgical treatment.

A Successful Stent-Assisted Coil Embolization in a Patient with Oculomotor Palsy Due to Partially Thrombosed-Aneurysm in Cavernous Internal Carotid Artery

No abstract available.

Recurrent Painful Ophthalmoplegic Neuropathy: a Case Report

Upon review, it is noted that recurrent painful ophthalmoplegic neuropathy (RPON) is a rare neurological syndrome characterized by recurrent unilateral headaches and painful ophthalmoplegia of the ipsilateral oculomotor nerve. As seen on brain MRI, thickening and enhancement of the oculomotor cranial nerve can be observed in these cases. We experienced a case of RPON in an adult patient who showed thickening and enhancement of the oculomotor nerve on gadolinium-enhanced 3D-FLAIR image. The authors report a case of RPON with a review of the literature.

Oculomotor nerve palsy associated with internal carotid artery: case reports

Oculomotor nerve palsy limits the specific direction eyeball movement, and represents diplopia, mydriasis, and ptosis. The vascular-associated etiologies of oculomotor nerve palsy are the microvascular ischemia due to hypertension or diabetes, or compression of the nerve by the aneurysm. For the aneurysm, if not treated properly, it may result in mortality or severe neurological impairment. Thorough history taking, physical examinations, and proper imaging modality are needed to make an accurate diagnosis. A 76-year-old female with decreased mentality and anisocoria presented at our emergency department. An 83-year-old female presented with right ptosis and lateral-side deviated of the right eyeball. No definite lesion was noted on the initial non-contrast brain computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging diffusion. An aneurysm was detected on CT angiography taken several hours later in the former patient. For the latter patient, a giant aneurysm was detected on magnetic resonance angiography that had been performed at another hospital 4 days earlier. These two patients underwent transfemoral cerebral angiography with coiling. They were discharged with no neurological sequelae.

Third nerve palsy as an isolated manifestation of herpes simplex virus type 2 meningitis in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

@#Isolated third nerve palsy as the sole manifestation of meningitis is rare. We describe a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia who developed third nerve palsy due to HSV2 meningitis. HSV2 PCR was positive in CSF and the patient was partially recovered upon treatment with acyclovir

Arteritis de células gigantes en el sistema vertebrobasilar, isquemias cerebelo-occipitales y parálisis III par: caso clínico / Giant cell arteritis of the vertebrobasilar system, posterior ischemia and palsy of the third nerve: report of one case

Giant cell arteritis is the most common vasculitis in patients aged over 50 years. We report an 89-year-old woman with significant weight loss and persistent frontal-occipital headaches lasting two months. The neurological examination at admission identified a decrease in visual acuity of the left eye, paralysis of the third cranial nerve of the right eye and alterations of body motility without objective signs of damage of the motor or sensitive pathways. Magnetic resonance imaging showed changes of the temporal artery wall and in both vertebral arteries, as well as bilateral cerebellar and occipital ischemic lesions. The Doppler ultrasound of the temporal arteries was compatible with Giant cell arteritis. Treatment with steroids was started. While receiving oral prednisone, the patient suffered new infarcts of the posterior territory, documented with a CAT scan.

Recurrent isolated oculomotor nerve palsy caused by schwannoma in a pediatric patient

Isolated schwannomas of motor nerves to extraocular muscles are uncommon. In addition, most previous studies on oculomotor nerve schwannoma discuss adult patients, and pediatric cases are rare. We report a 10-year-old girl who developed recurrent oculomotor nerve palsy caused by schwannoma without any vascular malformation. Although the incidence is rare in pediatric patient, the recurrent isolated oculomotor nerve palsy due to schwannoma can develop, and it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of ocular motility disorders in pediatric patients. Careful imaging evaluation is needed to identify schwannoma due to its small size, deep location in the brain, and rarity.

Sutura de tração permanente para tratamento de paralisia congênita de III nervo / Permanent treatment suture for the treatment of congenital nerve palsy of III nerve

Resumo A paralisia do terceiro nervo craniano representa o estrabismo paralítico de tratamento mais complexo e desafiador. Os casos de paralisia completa III par incitam o uso de certas técnicas de cirurgia de estrabismo destinadas a manter o olho voltado para a posição primária do olhar (PPO). Entretanto, as possibilidades terapêuticas são limitadas e complexas e o tratamento cirúrgico tende a hipocorreção e recorrências frequentes a longo prazo.O envolvimento completo e congênito do terceiro nervo craniano requer cirurgias para a exotropia, hipotropia e ptose.Dentre as técnicas cirúrgicas já descritas, optou-se pela realização de uma modificação da técnica cirúrgica de recuo-ressecção, que deu-se em único tempo cirúrgico, sendo suficiente para alcançar o objetivo estético. Este trabalho relata o resultado positivoda manutenção de sutura de tração à carúncula para tratamento cirúrgico de estrabismo paralítico congênito de nervo oculomotor de longa data.

Abstract Paralysis of the third cranial nerve represents the most complex and challenging paralytic squint. The cases of complete III nerve paralysis encourages the use of certain strabismus surgery techniques in order to keep eye in primary position of gaze. However, the therapeutic possibilities are limited and complex and the surgical treatment tends to hypocorrection and frequent recurrences in the long term. Complete and congenital involvement of the third cranial nerve requires surgeries for exotropia, hypotropia and ptosis. Among the surgical techniques already described, we choose a modification of the surgical technique of recession-resection, which occurred in a single surgical time, being suffice to achieve aesthetic objective. This paper reports the positive result of the maintenance of caruncle traction suture as surgical treatment of congenital III nerve paralysis.

Microsurgical treatment of large parasellar meningiomas by pterional craniotomy: A clinical experience with 34 cases / 第二军医大学学报

Objective To introduce the microsurgery treatment method for large parasellar meningiomas by pterional craniotomy and its curative effect. Methods The clinical data of 34 patients with large parasellar meningiomas, who underwent microsurgery via pterional or extensive pterional craniotomy in Seventh People’s Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Jul. 2006 to Aug. 2016, were retrospectively analyzed. The patients included 13 men and 21 women with ages ranging from 21 to 72 (average, 49±13) years old. The course of disease ranged from 1 to 55 (average, 13±10) months. Maximum diameter of tumors ranged from 3.3 to 5.2 (average, [4.3±0.6]) cm. Results No surgical death occurred in this study. Postoperatively, the cranial imaging examination showed that 24 of 34 cases were totally removed, 5 cases were subtotally removed, and 5 cases were partially removed. The postoperative follow-up time was 24-48 (average, 36±13) months. Twenty-eight cases had good prognoses with Karnofsky score being 80 to 100, and six cases had fair prognoses with Karnofsky score being 60 to 79. Five cases had postoperative oculomotor paralysis, which was improved with nutritional nerve treatment. Conclusion The microsurgical treatment via pterional or extensive pterional craniotomy can improve the total resection rate of the large parasellar meningiomas. Palliative operations combined with postoperative radiotherapy may be employed for the tumors that can only be subtotally and partially removed.

Prognostic influencing factors of posterior communicating aneurysm associated with oculomotor nerve palsy / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective To investigate the prognosis of patients with posterior communicating aneurysm associated with oculomotor nerve palsy in 12 months, and analyze the possible prognostic influencing factors.Methods A prospective clinical study was conducted in 39 patients with posterior communicating aneurysm associated with oculomotor palsy.The patients were followed up for 12 months after surgery,and the prognosis of oculomotor palsy symptoms was evaluated.Results In 39 patients,16 cases were treated by craniotomy clipping, and 23 cases were treated by intravascular embolization. Univariate Logistic analysis result showed that the prognosis of oculomotor palsy symptoms in patient with age ≤ 60 years was significantly better than that in patient with age >60 years, the prognosis of the patients with operation timing≤14 d was significantly better than that of patients with operation timing>14 d, and there were statistical differences (P<0.05 or <0.01); the aneurysm hemorrhage, aneurysm orientation, aneurysm size, surgical procedure and preoperative oculomotor nerve palsy degree were unrelated to the prognosis of oculomotor palsy symptoms (P>0.05). Multifactor Logistic analysis result showed that age and operation timing were the independent prognostic influencing factors of oculomotor palsy symptoms(OR=6.574 and 32.510,95% CI 1.119-38.640 and 2.869-368.363,P<0.05 or<0.01). Conclusions Surgical treatment of aneurysms can improve the prognosis in patients with posterior communicating aneurysm associated with oculomotor nerve palsy,and the prognosis of patients with young age and early surgical treatment is relatively better.

Professor 's experience in the treatment of oculomotor nerve palsy with acupuncture based on the interactions of twelve muscle regions and opposing needling theory / 中国针灸

It was to introduce professor 's experience in the treatment of oculomotor nerve palsy with acupuncture based on the interactions of twelve muscle regions and opposing needling theory. In the treatment, the TCM syndrome differentiation is taken as the general principle, the theory of the interactions of twelve muscle regions and opposing needling as the specific feature. The contrary needling is used at Hanyan (GB 4) and Juliao (ST 3) on the healthy side. The meridian-collateral and the exterior-interior differentiations are adopted to identify the syndromes. At the early stage of the disease, the treating principle focuses on expelling wind, eliminating cold and promoting the circulations of meridians and collaterals. The shallow needling, less acupoints and gentle stimulation are required. At the middle and late stage, the treating principle concentrates on strengthening the antipathogenic and harmonizing and blood. The deep needling, the multiple acupoints and the strong stimulation are applied. Additionally, the four-needling technique at Fengchi (GB 20), the multiple shallow needling at the eyelid margin, the opposing needling and the quantity of needling sensation are used in combination, which were developed by professor . With those comprehensivemethods, the symptoms of oculomotor nerve palsy are relieved and the significant clinical therapeutic effects achieved.

Causes and clinical characteristics of oculomotor nerve palsy / 第二军医大学学报

Oculomotor nerve plays an important role in regulating the function of eyeball by controlling levator palpebrae superioris muscle, superior rectus muscle, inferior rectus muscle, medial rectus muscle, inferior oblique muscle, sphincter pupillae muscle and ciliary muscle. Oculomotor nerve palsy is a common clinical symptom characterized by diplopia, ptosis, ophthalmoplegia or pupillary dysfunction. The etiologies of oculomotor nerve palsy are complicated, including intracranial aneurysm, cerebral infarction and hemorrhage, diabetes, intracranial inflammation, craniocerebral trauma, congenital disease and so on. Palsy caused by different etiologies has corresponding clinical features. In this review, we summarized the common causes of oculomotor nerve palsy-and their corresponding pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, signs, treatments and prognosis, hoping to provide help for rapid identification of etiology and effective treatment of the oculomotor nerve palsy.

A Case of Partial Oculomotor Nerve Palsy Caused by Vascular Compression in Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension / 대한평형의학회지

Pupil-involving oculomotor nerve palsy (ONP) is frequently associated with compressive lesion such as intracranial aneurysm originating from the posterior communicating arteries. Vascular variant of posterior intracranial circulation is regarded as an uncommon cause and association between these vascular variants and intracranial hypertension has not been reported. We present an 18-year-old girl with pupil-involving ONP combined with idiopathic intracranial hypertension who revealed compression of oculomotor nerve by a vascular variant of superior cerebellar artery (SCA). This is a rare case of an ONP attributed to compressive effect from an aberrant SCA affected by intracranial hypertension.